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a MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FIN-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
b Finnish Environment Inst., P.O. Box 140, FIN-00251, Helsinki, Finland
c Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Lab. of Water Resources Engineering, P.O. Box 5200, FIN-02015, Espoo, Finland
* Corresponding author (risto.uusitalo{at}mtt.fi).
Received for publication February 27, 2003. Runoff P associated with eroded soil is partly solubilized in receiving waters and contributes to eutrophication, but the significance of particulate phosphorus (PP) in the eutrophying P load is debatable. We assessed losses of bioavailable P fractions in field runoff from fine-textured soils (Cryaquepts). Surface runoff at four sites and drainflow at two of them was sampled. In addition to dissolved molybdate-reactive phosphorus (DRP) losses, two estimates of bioavailable PP losses were made: (i) desorbable PP, assessed by anion exchange resin-extraction (AER-PP) and (ii) redox-sensitive PP, assessed by extraction with bicarbonate and dithionite (BD-PP). Annual losses of BD-PP and AER-PP were derived from the relationships (R2 = 0.77–0.96) between PP and these P forms. Losses of BD-PP in surface runoff (94–1340 g ha-1) were typically threefold to fivefold those of DRP (29–510 kg ha-1) or AER-PP (13–270 g ha-1). Where monitored, drainflow P losses were substantial, at one of the sites even far greater than those via the surface pathway. Typical runoff DRP concentration at the site with the highest Olsen-P status (69–82 mg kg-1) was about 10-fold that at the site with the lowest Olsen P (31–45 mg kg-1), whereas the difference in AER-PP per mass unit of sediment was only threefold, and that of BD-PP 2.5-fold. Bioavailable P losses were greatly influenced by PP runoff, especially so on soils with a moderate P status that produced runoff with a relatively low DRP concentration.
Abbreviations: AER-PP, anion exchange resin-extractable particulate phosphorus • BD-PP, bicarbonate-dithionite-extractable particulate phosphorus • DRP, dissolved molybdate-reactive phosphorus • PP, particulate phosphorus • TP, total phosphorus • TSS, total suspended solids
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