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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Ecological Risk Assessment

Soil Variables for Predicting Potential Phosphorus Release in Swedish Noncalcareous Soils

^a Department of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
^b Dipartimento di Valorizzazione e Protezione delle Risorse Agroforestali, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy

^* Corresponding author (Katarina.Borling{at}mv.slu.se).

Received for publication February 12, 2003. The accumulation of P in agricultural soils due to fertilization has increased the risk of P losses from agricultural fields to surface waters. In risk assessment systems for P losses, both P release from soil to solution and transport mechanisms need to be considered. In this study, the overall objective was to identify soil variables for prediction of potential P release from soil to solution. Soils from nine sites of the Swedish long-term fertility experiment were used, each with four soil P levels. Phosphorus extractable with CaCl₂ was used as an estimate of potential P release from soil to solution. Ammonium lactate–extractable phosphorus (P-AL) or NaHCO₃–extractable phosphorus (Olsen P) could not be used alone for prediction of potential P release since soils with high phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) released less P than soils with low PSC at the same soil test phosphorus (STP) level. Degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was calculated as Olsen P or P-AL as a percentage of PSC derived from P sorption isotherms or from Fe and Al extractable in ammonium oxalate. The CaCl₂–extractable total phosphorus (CaCl₂–TP) was exponentially related to these DPS values (r² 0.79). The CaCl₂–TP was also linearly related to ratios between Olsen P or P-AL and a single-point phosphorus sorption index (PSI; r² 0.86). These ratios, which are easily determined and gave good correlations with CaCl₂–TP, seemed to be the most useful estimates of potential P release for risk assessment systems.

Abbreviations: Al_ox, Fe_ox, and P_ox, ammonium oxalate–extractable aluminum, iron, and phosphorus, respectively • CaCl₂–RP, CaCl₂–extractable reactive phosphorus • CaCl₂–TP, CaCl₂–extractable total phosphorus • CaCl₂–UP, CaCl₂–extractable unreactive phosphorus • DPS, degree of phosphorus saturation • EPC, equilibrium phosphorus concentration • Olsen P, NaHCO₃–extractable phosphorus • P-AL, ammonium lactate–extractable phosphorus • PSC, phosphorus sorption capacity • PSC_max, maximum phosphorus sorption capacity • PSC_ox, phosphorus sorption capacity calculated using the equation of Börling et al. (2001) • PSI, phosphorus sorption index • STP, soil test phosphorus

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