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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Evaluating Phosphorus Loss from a Florida Spodosol as Affected by Phosphorus-Source Application Methods

^a Soil and Water Sci. Dep., Univ. of Florida, 106 Newell Hall, P.O. Box 110510, Gainesville, FL 32611-0510
^b Crop Science Dep., North Carolina State Univ., 4104 Williams Hall, P.O. Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620

^* Corresponding author (agyin{at}ufl.edu).

Received for publication October 8, 2007. Incorporating applied phosphorus (P) sources can reduce P runoff losses and is a recommended best management practice. However, in soils with low P retention capacities, leaching can be a major mechanism for off-site P loss, and the P-source application method (surface or incorporation) may not significantly affect the total amount of off-site P loss. We utilized simulated rainfall protocols to investigate effects of P-source characteristics and application methods on the forms and amounts of P losses from six P sources, including five biosolids materials produced and/or marketed in Florida, and one inorganic fertilizer (triple superphosphate). A typical Florida Spodosol (Immokalee fine sand; sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquods) was used for the study, to which the P sources were each applied at a rate of 224 kg P ha^–1 (approximately the P rate associated with N-based biosolids applications). The P sources were either surface-applied to the soil or incorporated into the soil to a depth of 5 cm. Amended soils were subjected to three simulated rainfall events, at 1-d intervals. Runoff and leachate were collected after each rainfall event and analyzed for P losses in the form of soluble reactive P (SRP), total dissolved P (TDP), total P (TP), and bioavailable P (BAP) (in runoff only). Cumulative masses (runoff + leachate for the three rainfall events) of P losses from all the P sources were similar, whether the amendments were surface-applied or incorporated into the soil. The solubility of the amendment, rather than application method, largely determines the P loss potential in poorly P-sorbing Florida Spodosols.

Abbreviations: Al_ox, oxalate extractable aluminum • ANOVA, analysis of variance • BAP, bioavailable phosphorus • BPR, biological phosphorus removal • DDI, distilled, deionized water • DPS, degree of phosphorus saturation • Fe_ox, oxalate extractable iron • GRU, Gainesville regional utilities • ICP–AES, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emissions spectroscopy • OCUD, Orange County Utilities Division • PP, particulate phosphorus • PSC, phosphorus source coefficient • PSI, phosphorus saturation index • PWEP, percentage of water-extractable phosphorus • SRP, soluble reactive phosphorus • TDP, total dissolved phosphorus • TP, total phosphorus • TSP, triple superphosphate. WEP, water-extractable phosphorus