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Degraded Water Reuse: An Overview

^a Soil and Water Science Dep., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
^b Agricultural and Biological Engineering Dep., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802
^c USEPA, Office of Water Management, Washington, DC

^* Corresponding author (gao{at}ufl.edu).

Received for publication August 29, 2007. Communities around the world face increasingly severe fresh water supply shortages, largely due to expanding populations and associated food supply, economic development, and health issues. Intentional reuse of degraded waters (e.g., wastewater effluents, irrigation return flows, concentrated animal feeding operations [CAFO] effluents, stormwater, and graywater) as substitutes for fresh waters could be one solution to the challenge. We describe the various degraded water types and reuse options and limitations and restrictions to their use. Emphasis is given to reuse scenarios involving degraded water applications to soil. The potential for degraded water reuse is enormous, but significant barriers exist to widespread adoption. Barriers include research questions (some addressable by traditional soil science approaches, but others requiring novel techniques and advanced instrumentation), the lack of unifying national regulations, and public acceptance. Educational programs, based on hard science developed from long-term field studies, are imperative to convince the public and elected officials of the wisdom and safety of reusing degraded waters.

Abbreviations: BOD, biochemical oxygen demand • CAFO, concentrated animal feeding operations • EC, electrical conductivity • ECOC, emerging chemicals of concern • FC, fecal coliforms • LR, leaching requirement • SAR, sodium adsorption ratio • TSS, total suspended solids