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Is the Transfer Factor a Relevant Tool to Assess the Soil-to-Plant Transfer of Radionuclides under Field Conditions?

^a Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau (ZH), Switzerland
^b Soil Physics, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zurich, Grabenstrasse 11a, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
^c ANDRA Direction Scientifique, Service Transferts, Parc de la Croix Blanche 1/7, rue Jean-Monnet, F-92298 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
^d Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Transfert sol-plante et cycle des éléments minéraux dans les écosystèmes cultivés, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Plot design. (A) Overview of the layout in the field experiment. The symbol "x" = plants; gray areas = traced with radionuclides; white areas = buffer to minimize edge effects. (B) Sampling scheme in traced area. Black horizontal lines = position of the vertical profiles; dashed area = location of the horizontal planes; white circles = auger sampling.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Superimposed maps of root occurrence (open circles) and stained preferential flow paths (black areas) observed on the two horizontal planes at 20- and 40-cm depths.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentration of 54Mn, 65Zn, 57Co, and 134Cs measured in the soil matrix (unstained) and in preferential flow paths (stained). Mean and standard error are given. The symbols *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively; while n.s. is not significant and n.d. is not detectable.