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Transport and Fate of Nitrate at the Ground-Water/Surface-Water Interface

^a USGS, 413 National Center, Reston, VA 20192
^b USGS, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819
^c Hedeff Essaid, USGS, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94205
^d USGS, 5957 Lakeside Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46278
^e USGS, 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Drive, Portland, OR 97216
^f USGS, 8987 Yellow Brick Road, Baltimore, MD 21237
^g USGS, 5231 S. 19th Street, Lincoln, NE 68512

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1 at the Washington study site in July 2004 at (a) Transect 1 and (b) Transect 2. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the Washington study site in October 2004 at (a) Transect 1 and (b) Transect 2. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the California study site in March 2004 at (a) Transect 2 and (b) Transect 4. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the California study site in October 2004 at (a) Transect 2 and (b) Transect 4. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Plots of (a) head gradient, (b) stream discharge, and (c) specific conductance for the Merced River, California, at the midpoint of Transect 2 at 0.5 and 3 m below the streambed during the 2004 study period.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the Nebraska study site in May 2004 at (a) Transect 2 and (b) Transect 4. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling. NA, data not available.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the Nebraska study site in October 2004 at (a) Transect 2 and (b) Transect 4. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling. NA, data not available.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Concentrations of Fe2+ (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the Indiana study site in June 2004 at (a) Transect 1 and (b) Transect 3. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Concentrations of Fe2+ (µmol L–1) and specific conductance (dS m–1) at the Indiana study site in October 2004 at (a) Transect 1 and (b) Transect 3. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Concentrations of NO3– and Fe2+ (µmol L–1) at the Indiana study site in June 2004 at Transect 4. Equipotential lines and flow directions are based on potentiometric heads (cm) measured at the time of sampling. NA, data not available.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Median concentrations of NO3– (µmol L–1), specific conductance (dS m–1), and water levels at the Maryland study site during 2004 at Transect 3. Water levels were measured at the time of sampling.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Plots of Fe2+, acid-volatile sulfides plus pyrite (mg kg–1), and organic carbon concentrations (g kg–1) in the ground-water/surface-water interaction zones at the five study sites. Individual points are site medians, and error bars are minimum and maximum values.