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Managing Agricultural Phosphorus for Protection of Surface Waters: Issues and Options

USDA-ARS, National Agric. Water Quality Lab., P.O. Box 1430, Durant, OK 74702-1430;

S. C. Chapra

CADSWES, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0421;

R. Wedepohl

Wisconsin Dep. of Nat. Resources, Madison, WI 53707;

J. T. Sims

Dep. of Plant Science, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1303;

T. C. Daniel

Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701;

K. R. Reddy

Soil Science Dep., Univ. of Florida, Gaineseville, FL 32611.

^* Corresponding author (!ao31cdurant).

ABSTRACT

The accelerated eutrophication of most freshwaters is limited by P inputs. Nonpoint sources of P in agricultural runoff now contribute a greater portion of freshwater inputs, due to easier identification and recent control of point sources. Although P management is an integral part of profitable agrisystems, continued inputs of fertilizer and manure P in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil P levels, which are of environmental rather than agronomic concern, particularly in areas of intensive crop and livestock production. Thus, the main issues facing the establishment of economically and environmentally sound P management systems are the identification of soil P levels that are of environmental concern; targeting specific controls for different water quality objectives within watersheds; and balancing economic with environmental values. In developing effective options, we have brought together agricultural and limnological expertise to prioritize watershed management practices and remedial strategies to mitigate nonpoint-source impacts of agricultural P. Options include runoff and erosion control and P-source management, based on eutrophic rather than agronomic considerations. Current soil test P methods may screen soils on which the aquatic bioavailability of P should be estimated. Landowner options to more efficiently utilize manure P include basing application rates on soil vulnerability to P loss in runoff, manure analysis, and programs encouraging manure movement to a greater hectareage. Targeting source areas may be achieved by use of indices to rank soil vulnerability to P loss in runoff and lake sensitivity to P inputs.

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				J. K. Whalen and C. Chang Macroaggregate Characteristics in Cultivated Soils after 25 Annual Manure Applications Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., September 1, 2002; 66(5): 1637 - 1647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Kongoli and W. L. Bland Influence of Manure Application on Surface Energy and Snow Cover: Field Experiments J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2002; 31(4): 1166 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. P. Udawatta, J. J. Krstansky, G. S. Henderson, and H. E. Garrett Agroforestry Practices, Runoff, and Nutrient Loss: A Paired Watershed Comparison J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2002; 31(4): 1214 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Penn and J. T. Sims Phosphorus Forms in Biosolids-Amended Soils and Losses in Runoff: Effects of Wastewater Treatment Process J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2002; 31(4): 1349 - 1361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Brink, D. E. Rowe, and K. R. Sistani Broiler Litter Application Effects on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of 'Alicia' Bermudagrass Agron. J., July 1, 2002; 94(4): 911 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Raboy Progress in Breeding Low Phytate Crops J. Nutr., March 1, 2002; 132(3): 503S - 505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Zemenchik, N. C. Wollenhaupt, and K. A. Albrecht Bioavailable Phosphorus in Runoff from Alfalfa, Smooth Bromegrass, and Alfalfa-Smooth Bromegrass J. Environ. Qual., January 1, 2002; 31(1): 280 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Andrews, J. P. Mitchell, R. Mancinelli, D. L. Karlen, T. K. Hartz, W. R. Horwath, G. S. Pettygrove, K. M. Scow, and D. S. Munk On-Farm Assessment of Soil Quality in California's Central Valley Agron. J., January 1, 2002; 94(1): 12 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Ebeling, L. G. Bundy, J. M. Powell, and T. W. Andraski Dairy Diet Phosphorus Effects on Phosphorus Losses in Runoff from Land-Applied Manure Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., January 1, 2002; 66(1): 284 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Cogger, A. I. Bary, S. C. Fransen, and D. M. Sullivan Seven Years of Biosolids versus Inorganic Nitrogen Applications to Tall Fescue J. Environ. Qual., November 1, 2001; 30(6): 2188 - 2194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. G. Bundy, T. W. Andraski, and J. M. Powell Management Practice Effects on Phosphorus Losses in Runoff in Corn Production Systems J. Environ. Qual., September 1, 2001; 30(5): 1822 - 1828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Adeli and J. J. Varco Swine Lagoon Effluent as a Source of Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Summer Forage Grasses Agron. J., September 1, 2001; 93(5): 1174 - 1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Hegeman and E. A. Grabau A Novel Phytase with Sequence Similarity to Purple Acid Phosphatases Is Expressed in Cotyledons of Germinating Soybean Seedlings Plant Physiology, August 1, 2001; 126(4): 1598 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.J. Kimmell, G.M. Pierzynski, K.A. Janssen, and P.L. Barnes Effects of Tillage and Phosphorus Placement on Phosphorus Runoff Losses in a Grain Sorghum-Soybean Rotation J. Environ. Qual., July 1, 2001; 30(4): 1324 - 1330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Brink, G. A. Pederson, K. R. Sistani, and T. E. Fairbrother Uptake of Selected Nutrients by Temperate Grasses and Legumes Agron. J., July 1, 2001; 93(4): 887 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]